Book 15 · 号令 · Chapter 52
安国之道，道任地始，地得其任则功成，地不得其任则劳而无功。人亦如此，备不先具者无以安主，吏卒民多心不一者，皆在其将长。诸行赏罚及有治者，必出于王公。数使人行劳赐守边城关塞、备蛮夷之劳苦者，举其守率之财用有馀、不足，地形之当守边者，其器备常多者。边县邑视其树木恶则少用，田不辟、少食，无大屋草盖，少用桑。多财，民好食。为内堞，内行栈，置器备其上，城上吏、卒、养，皆为舍道内，各当其隔部。养什二人，为符者曰养吏一人，辨护诸门。门者及有守禁者皆无令无事者得稽留止其旁，不从令者戮。敌人且至，千丈之城，必郭迎之，主人利。不尽千丈者勿迎也，视敌之居曲，众少而应之，此守城之大体也。其不在此中者，皆心术与人事参之。凡守城者以亟伤敌为上，其延日持久以待救之至，明于守者也，不能此，乃能守城。
The way to make a state secure begins with assigning the land its proper tasks. When the land is given its proper task, the work is accomplished; when the land is not given its proper task, there is toil without result. People are likewise: if defenses are not prepared in advance, there is no way to keep the ruler secure; and where officers, soldiers, and people are of many minds and not unified, the fault lies wholly with their commanders and chiefs. All matters of conferring rewards and punishments, and of having jurisdiction, must issue from the king or duke. He should frequently send men to bestow encouragement and rewards upon those who guard the border cities, passes, and frontier posts and bear the hardship of defending against the Man and Yi barbarians; to assess whether the funds and supplies of their defending commanders are in surplus or deficient; which terrain ought to be defended along the border; and where the implements and stores are habitually plentiful. In a border county or town, if its trees are poor then its materials are scarce; if its fields are not opened then its food is little; where there are no large houses or thatched roofs, there mulberry is little used. Where wealth is abundant, the people are well-fed. Build inner battlements and inner gangways within, and place implements and stores upon them. The officers, soldiers, and cooks on the wall all have their quarters along the inner roadways, each corresponding to his assigned section. For every cooking-detail of two men, one is designated, called the kitchen-officer, who supervises and guards the several gates. The gatekeepers and those who hold the watch-prohibitions shall not let anyone with no business loiter and stop nearby; those who do not obey orders are executed. When the enemy is about to arrive, for a city wall of a thousand zhang one must go out by the outer wall to meet him—this is to the defender's advantage. If it does not reach a full thousand zhang, do not go out to meet him; observe the bends in the enemy's positions, and respond to him according to whether his troops are many or few. This is the great principle of defending a city. Whatever does not fall within these rules must all be judged by combining strategic calculation with the human conditions. In general, for one defending a city, to wound the enemy swiftly is best; to prolong the days and hold out long while awaiting the arrival of relief shows one who understands defense. Only one who cannot do the former is reduced to merely defending the city.
守城之法，敌去邑百里以上，城将如今，尽召五官及百长，以富人重室之亲，舍之官府，谨令信人守卫之，谨密为故。
The method of defending a city: when the enemy is still more than a hundred li from the town, the city commander, as at present ordered, shall summon all the five officials and the hundred-chiefs, together with the kinsmen of the wealthy and great households, and lodge them in the government offices; he shall carefully order trustworthy men to guard them, keeping this strict and secret as the rule.
及傅城，守将营无下三百人，四面四门之将，必选择之有功劳之臣及死事之后重者，从卒各百人。门将并守他门，他门之上必夹为高楼，使善射者居焉。女郭、冯垣一人，一人守之，使重室子。
When the enemy comes up to the wall, the defending commander's encampment shall be no fewer than three hundred men. For the commanders of the four gates on the four sides, one must select ministers who have rendered meritorious service, together with the worthy heirs of those who died in the state's service; each is to be accompanied by a hundred soldiers. A gate-commander may also guard another gate; above the other gate a high tower must be built flanking it, and good archers stationed there. For the women's outer wall and the parapet wall, one man each guards it—use the sons of the great households.
五十步一击。因城中里为八部，部一吏，吏各从四人，以行冲术及里中。里中父老小不举守之事及会计者，分里以为四部，部一长，以苛往来，不以时行、行而有他异者，以得其奸。吏从卒四人以上有分者，大将必与为信符，大将使人行，守操信符，信不合及号不相应者，伯长以上辄止之，以闻大将。当止不止及从吏卒纵之，皆斩。诸有罪自死罪以上，皆遝父母、妻子、同产。
Every fifty paces there is one strike-post. Take the wards within the city and form them into eight sectors, each sector having one officer, and each officer attended by four men, to patrol the thoroughfares and the interior of the wards. As for the elders and the young in the wards who do not take part in defense duties or in the accounting, divide the wards into four districts, each district having one chief, to scrutinize those coming and going; those who travel out of season, or who travel and have something strange about them, are thereby caught as traitors. For officers attended by four soldiers or more who have a separate command, the grand commander must make tallies of trust with them. When the grand commander sends a man on a mission, the guard holds the trust-tally; if the trust does not match, or the password does not correspond, the company-chiefs and above shall stop him at once and report to the grand commander. Those who ought to stop him and do not, and any attending officer or soldier who lets him go, are all beheaded. For all crimes from capital crimes upward, the punishment extends to the offender's father and mother, wife and children, and siblings.
诸男女有守于城上者，什、六弩、四兵。丁女子、老少，人一矛。
Of the men and women who guard upon the wall, for every ten persons, six bear crossbows and four bear other weapons. The able-bodied women, the old, and the young each bear one spear.
卒有惊事，中军疾击鼓者三，城上道路、里中巷街，皆无得行，行者斩。女子到大军，令行者男子行左，女子行右，无并行，皆就其守，不从令者斩。离守者三日而一徇，此所以备奸也。里正与皆守宿里门，吏行其部，至里门，正与开门内吏。与行父老之守及穷巷幽闲无人之处。奸民之所谋为外心，罪车裂。正与父老及吏主部者，不得皆斩，得之，除，又赏之黄金，人二镒。大将使使人行守，长夜五循行，短夜三循行。四面之吏亦皆自行其守，如大将之行，不从令者斩。
If the soldiers have an alarm, the central command beats the drum rapidly three times; on the wall, the roads, and the lanes and streets within the wards, none may move about—those who move are beheaded. When women reach the main army, order those who travel so that men keep to the left and women keep to the right, with no walking abreast, and all go to their defense posts; those who do not obey are beheaded. Those who leave their posts are paraded for public display once every three days—this is the means of guarding against treachery. The ward-head together with [his men] keeps watch and lodges at the ward gate; when an officer patrols his sector and reaches the ward gate, the head together with [him] opens the gate and admits the officer. Together they go around inspecting the guard of the elders and the dark, secluded, deserted places. Should treacherous people plot disloyalty to the outside, the penalty is dismemberment by chariots. If the ward-head, the elders, and the officer in charge of the sector fail to catch them, they are all beheaded; if they catch them, they are pardoned, and moreover rewarded with gold, two yi per person. The grand commander dispatches men to patrol the guard: on long nights, making five rounds; on short nights, three rounds. The officers of the four sides also each patrol their own guard, just as the grand commander patrols; those who do not obey are beheaded.
诸灶必为屏，火突高出屋四尺。慎无敢失火，失火者斩，其端失火以为事者，车裂。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。救火者无敢欢哗，及离守绝巷救火者斩。其正及父老有守此巷中部吏，皆得救之，部吏亟令人谒之大将，大将使信人将左右救之，部吏失不言者斩。诸女子有死罪及坐失火皆无有所失，逮其以火为乱事者如法。
Every stove must have a screen, and the flue must rise four chi above the roof. Take care that no one dares cause a fire; one who causes a fire is beheaded, and one who deliberately starts a fire to make a disturbance is dismembered by chariots. If his squad of five fail to catch him, they are beheaded; if they catch him, they are pardoned. Those who fight the fire may not shout and clamor, and those who leave their posts and cross lanes to fight the fire are beheaded. The ward-head, the elders, and the sector-officers who keep watch within that lane may all go to fight it; the sector-officer shall promptly send a man to report it to the grand commander, who sends a trustworthy man to lead his attendants to fight it. A sector-officer who fails and does not report is beheaded. Any woman who has committed a capital crime or is implicated in causing a fire shall not be let off in any way; pursue those who use fire to make disturbances according to the law.
围城之重禁：敌人卒而至严令吏民无敢欢嚣、三最、并行、相视、坐泣流涕、若视、举手相探、相指、相呼、相麾、相踵、相投、相击、相靡以身及衣、讼驳言语及非令也而视敌动移者，斩。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。伍人逾城归敌，伍人不得，斩；与伯归敌，队吏斩；与吏归敌，队将斩。归敌者父母、妻子、同产皆车裂。先觉之，除。当术需敌离地，斩。伍人不得，斩；得之，除。
The grave prohibitions for a besieged city: when the enemy suddenly arrives, give strict order that the officers, soldiers, and people may not shout and clamor, gather in threes, walk abreast, look at one another, sit weeping with flowing tears, gaze about, raise hands and reach toward one another, point at one another, call out to one another, beckon to one another, tread on one another's heels, throw things at one another, strike one another, rub against one another with body or clothing, dispute and quarrel in speech, or do anything contrary to orders, or watch the enemy's movements—those who do so are beheaded. If their squad of five fail to catch them, they are beheaded; if they catch them, they are pardoned. If a member of a squad of five climbs over the wall and goes over to the enemy and the squad of five do not catch him, they are beheaded; if he goes over to the enemy together with his chief, the squad-officer is beheaded; if together with an officer, the squad-commander is beheaded. The father, mother, wife, children, and siblings of one who goes over to the enemy are all dismembered by chariots. Those who detect it beforehand are pardoned. Whoever, at his post, lets the enemy take ground, is beheaded. If the squad of five do not catch him, they are beheaded; if they catch him, they are pardoned.
其疾斗却敌于术，敌下终不能复上，疾斗者队二人，赐上奉。而胜围，城周里以上，封城将三十里地为关内侯，辅将如令赐上卿，丞及吏比于丞者，赐爵五大夫，官吏、豪杰与计坚守者，十人及城上吏比五官者，皆赐公乘。男子有守者，爵人二级，女子赐钱五千，男女老小先分守者，人赐钱千，复之三岁，无有所与，不租税。此所以劝吏民坚守胜围也。
Those who fight fiercely and drive the enemy back from their posts, so that the enemy who has come down can in the end not climb up again—of these fierce fighters, two per squad are granted the highest stipend. And when they prevail over the siege, for a city whose circumference is a li or more, the city commander is enfeoffed with thirty li of land as a Marquis-Within-the-Pass; the assistant commander, as ordered, is granted the rank of senior minister; the deputy and officers ranking with the deputy are granted the rank of fifth-grade grandee; the officials, men of valor, and those who together planned a firm defense, ten of them, together with the officers on the wall ranking with the five officials, are all granted the rank of duke-rider. Men who took part in the defense are advanced two grades in rank each; women are granted five thousand cash; the men and women, old and young, who first took their share of the defense are each granted a thousand cash and exempted for three years, with no obligations and no land tax. This is the means of encouraging officers and people to defend firmly and overcome the siege.
卒侍大门中者，曹无过二人。勇敢为前行，伍坐，令各知其左右前后。擅离署，戮。门尉昼三阅之，莫，鼓击门闭一阅，守时令人参之，上逋者名。铺食皆于署，不得外食。守必谨微察视谒者、执盾、中涓及妇人侍前者，志意、颜色、使令、言语之请。及上饮食，必令人尝，皆非请也，击而请故。守有所不说谒者、执盾、中涓及妇人侍前者，守曰断之。冲之，若缚之，不如令，及后缚者，皆断。必时素诫之。诸门下朝夕立若坐，各令以年少长相次，旦夕就位，先佑有功有能，其馀皆以次立。五日官各上喜戏、居处不庄、好侵侮人者一。
Of the soldiers attending within the great gate, no detachment exceeds two men. The brave and bold form the front rank; the squads of five sit, and each is made to know those on his left and right, front and back. Whoever quits his post without authorization is executed. The gate-officer inspects them three times by day; at dusk, the drum is beaten, the gate is shut, and one inspection is made; the defender from time to time sends men to verify them and reports the names of those absent. They take their meals at their posts and may not eat outside. The defender must carefully and minutely observe the ushers, the shield-bearers, the personal attendants, and the women who serve before him—their disposition, complexion, the way they carry out orders, and the truth of their words. When food and drink are brought up, he must have someone taste it; if anything is not as it should be, hold the bearer and question him about the cause. If there is an usher, shield-bearer, attendant, or serving woman before him with whom the defender is displeased, the defender says, "Cut him down." They rush at him, or bind him; if this is not done according to order, and those who bind him too late, are all cut down. He must regularly warn them of this in advance. Those at the several gates, standing or sitting morning and evening, are each arranged in order by age, young and old; at dawn and dusk they go to their places, the meritorious and able taking precedence, the rest standing in order. Every five days the officials each report one person who is fond of jesting and play, whose conduct is unseemly, and who delights in insulting and abusing others.
诸人士外使者来，必令有以执将。出而还若行县，必使信人先戒舍室，乃出迎，门守乃入舍。为人下者常司上之，随而行，松上不随下。必须口口随。
When envoys and gentlemen sent from outside arrive, they must be given an escort to control them. When the defender goes out and returns, or inspects the county, he must first send a trustworthy man ahead to ready the lodging quarters, and only then go out to receive him; the gatekeeper guards it, and only then does he enter the lodging. One who is a subordinate constantly watches over his superior, following him as he goes; [a superior] follows up his men but does not follow his subordinates. He must wait for [the password] before following.
客卒守主人，及其为守卫，主人亦守客卒。城中戍卒，其邑或以下寇，谨备之，数录其署，同邑者，弗令共所守。与阶门吏为符，符合入，劳；符不合，牧，守言。若城上者，衣服，他不如令者。
The guest soldiers guard the host, and as they serve as guards, the host also guards the guest soldiers. As for the garrison soldiers within the city, since their towns may have surrendered to the invaders, guard against them carefully, frequently registering them at their posts; those from the same town are not made to guard the same place together. They are given tallies by the gate-officer; if the tally matches, they enter and serve; if the tally does not match, they are detained, and the defender is informed. Likewise those on the wall, as to their clothing and other matters not in accord with orders.
宿鼓在守大门中，莫，令骑若使者操节闭城者，皆以执圭。昏鼓鼓十，诸门亭皆闭之。行者断，必系问行故，乃行其罪。晨见掌文，鼓纵行者，诸城门吏各入请龠，开门已，辄复上龠。有符节不用此令。寇至，楼鼓五，有周鼓，杂小鼓乃应之。小鼓五后从军，断。命必足畏，赏必足利，令必行，令出辄人随，省其可行、不行。号，夕有号，失号，断。为守备斗而署之曰某程，置署街街衢阶若门，令往来者皆视而放。诸吏卒民有谋杀伤其将长者，与谋反同罪，有能捕告，赐黄金二十斤，谨罪。非其分职而擅取之，若非其所当治而擅治为之，断。诸吏卒民非其部界而擅入他部界，辄收，以属都司空若候，候以闻守，不收而擅纵之，断。能捕得谋反、卖城、逾城归敌者一人，以令为除死罪二人，城旦四人。反城事父母去者，去者之父母妻子。
The night-watch drum is kept within the defender's great gate. At dusk, those riders or messengers who carry the credentials to close the city must all bear the jade tablet. The dusk drum is beaten ten times, and all the gates and watch-posts are shut. Those who move about are cut down—one must hold and question them about the reason for moving, and then carry out their punishment. At dawn, when the keeper of the records appears, the drum releases those who move about; the officers of the several city gates each come in to request the keys, and once the gates are opened, they at once return the keys. Those with credentials and tallies are not subject to this order. When the enemy arrives, the tower drum is beaten five times, and there is a circuit drum; the various small drums then respond to it. A small-drum man who falls in with the army after the five beats is cut down. Commands must be sufficiently fearsome, rewards sufficiently advantageous, and orders must be carried out; whenever an order goes out, a man follows it, examining whether it is being carried out or not. As for passwords, there is a password at dusk; one who loses the password is cut down. For defense and combat, post a notice reading "such-and-such regulation," placed at the streets, crossroads, steps, or gates, so that all who come and go look at it and follow it. If any officer, soldier, or person plots to kill or wound his commander or chief, his crime is the same as rebellion; one who can capture and report him is granted twenty catties of gold—be strict with the offense. Whoever, not within his own duties, seizes authority without warrant, or, in a matter not his to manage, manages and acts on it without warrant, is cut down. Any officer, soldier, or person who, outside his own sector boundary, enters another sector's boundary without warrant is at once seized and handed over to the metropolitan overseer of works or the scout; the scout reports to the defender. One who does not seize him but lets him go without warrant is cut down. One who can capture and report a person who plots rebellion, sells out the city, or climbs over the wall to go to the enemy is, by ordinance, granted remission of two men's capital crimes or four men's hard-labor sentences. As for one who, when the city revolts, leaves to serve his father and mother—[take] the father, mother, wife, and children of the one who left.
悉举民室材木、瓦若蔺石数，署长短小大，当举不举，吏有罪。诸卒民居城上者各葆其左右，左右有罪而不智也，其次伍有罪。若能身捕罪人若告之吏，皆构之。若非伍而先知他伍之罪，皆倍其构赏。
Make a complete register of the people's house timbers, tiles, and quantities of rush-stones, recording their length, size, large and small. If they ought to be registered and are not, the officer is held guilty. The various soldiers and people stationed on the wall each guard one another, those on the left and right; if one on the left or right commits a crime and [his neighbor] feigns ignorance, the next squad of five is held guilty. If one can personally capture the offender or report him to the officers, all are rewarded. If one who is not of the same squad of five learns first of another squad's crime, his reward is doubled.
城外令任，城内守任，令、丞、尉亡得入当，满十人以上，令、丞、尉夺爵各二级；百人以上，令、丞、尉免以卒戍。诸取当者，必取寇虏，乃听之。
Outside the city, the order-magistrate bears responsibility; inside the city, the defender bears responsibility. If the magistrate, deputy, or commandant has fled men who get inside [to the enemy], when these reach ten or more, the magistrate, deputy, and commandant each lose two ranks of nobility; when a hundred or more, the magistrate, deputy, and commandant are dismissed and made to serve as garrison soldiers. For all who would offset their fault [by capturing], they must capture an actual enemy prisoner, and only then is it allowed.
募民欲财物粟米以贸易凡器者，卒以贾予。邑人知识、昆弟有罪，虽不在县中而欲为赎，若以粟米、钱金、布帛、他财物免出者，令许之。传言者十步一人，稽留言及乏传者，断。诸可以便事者，亟以疏传言守。吏卒民欲言事者，亟为传言请之吏，稽留不言诸者，断。
Recruit people who wish to trade goods, grain, or rice for the various implements; the soldiers give them goods at the market price. If townspeople have acquaintances, brothers, or others guilty of crimes who, though not within the county, they wish to ransom—if by grain, rice, cash, gold, cloth, silk, or other property they would secure their release—the magistrate permits it. For the relaying of messages, there is one man every ten paces; those who delay messages or who default in relaying are cut down. Whatever may benefit affairs, relay it swiftly and clearly to the defender. Officers, soldiers, and people who wish to report a matter—swiftly relay and present it to the officer for them; those who delay and do not report it are cut down.
县各上其县中豪杰若谋士、居大夫、重厚口数多少。
Each county reports the men of valor, the strategists, the resident grandees, and the men of substance within the county, and the size of their households.
官府城下吏卒民家，前后左右相传保火。火发自燔，燔曼延燔人，断。诸以众强凌弱少及强奸人妇女，以欢哗者，皆断。
For the families of officers, soldiers, and people below the government offices and the wall, those before and behind, left and right, mutually relay warning against fire. If a fire breaks out and burns of itself, and spreading flames burn people, [the one responsible] is cut down. Any who use their numbers and strength to oppress the weak and few, or who rape another's wife or woman, raising a clamor by it, are all cut down.
诸城门若亭，谨候视往来行者符，符传疑，若无符，皆诣县廷言。请问其所使；其有符传者，善舍官府。其有知识、兄弟欲见之，为召，勿令里巷中。三老、守闾令厉缮夫为答。若他以事者微者，不得入里中。三老不得入家人。传令里中有以羽，羽在三所差，家人各令其官中，失令，若稽留令者，断。家有守者治食。吏卒民无符节，而擅入里巷官府，吏、三老、守闾者失苛止，皆断。
At the various city gates or watch-posts, carefully scrutinize the tallies and passes of those coming and going; if a tally or pass is doubtful, or if there is no tally, all are sent to the county court to be examined. Inquire as to whom they serve; those who have tallies and passes are properly lodged in a government office. If they have acquaintances or brothers who wish to see them, they are summoned for them, but they are not let into the lanes of the wards. The elders-of-three and the gate-keepers order the able-bodied craftsmen to make replies. As for others on business, the lowly ones may not enter the wards. When orders are passed within the wards, feathers are used; the feathers are graded into three sorts of places. Each household is made [to keep] to its own office; one who loses the order, or who delays the order, is cut down. Households with [men] on guard prepare their food. If officers, soldiers, or people without tally or credential enter the lanes of the wards or the government offices without warrant, and the officer, the elders-of-three, or the gate-keeper fail in scrutinizing and stopping them, all are cut down.
诸盗守器械、财物及相盗者，直一钱以上，皆断。吏卒民各自大书于桀，著之其署隔。守案其署，擅入者，断。城上日壹发席蓐，令相错发，有匿不言人所挟藏在禁中者，断。
Those who steal guarded implements, equipment, or property, or who steal from one another, to the value of one cash or more, are all cut down. Officers, soldiers, and people each write up their names plainly on a placard and affix it to the partition of their post. The defender inspects their posts; those who enter without warrant are cut down. On the wall, once a day the sleeping-mats and bedding are taken out, and they are made to take them out alternately; if anyone conceals and does not report a person who is hiding things within the forbidden zone, he is cut down.
吏卒民死者，辄召其人，与次司空葬之，勿令得坐泣。伤甚者令归治病家善养，予医给药，赐酒日二升、肉二斤，令吏数行闾，视病有瘳，辄造事上。诈为自贼伤以辟事者，族之。事已，守使吏身行死伤家，临户而悲哀之。
When an officer, soldier, or person dies, at once summon his people and, together with the deputy overseer of works, bury him, and do not let them sit and weep. Those gravely wounded are sent home for treatment and good care, given physicians and supplied with medicine, granted two pints of wine and two catties of meat a day; the defender has officers frequently patrol the wards, and when a sick man is found to be recovering, he is at once brought back on duty. Those who falsely wound themselves to evade duty—their whole clan is put to death. When the affair is over, the defender sends officers to go in person to the homes of the dead and wounded, and at the door grieves and mourns for them.
寇去事已，塞祷。守以令益邑中豪杰力斗诸有功者，必身行死伤者家以吊哀之，身见死事之后。城围罢，主亟发使者往劳，举有功及死伤者数使爵禄，守身尊宠，明白贵之，令其怨结于敌。
When the invaders have withdrawn and the affair is over, perform the closing sacrifice of thanksgiving. The defender, by ordinance, advances the men of valor within the town who fought hard and all who rendered merit; he must go in person to the homes of the dead and wounded to condole and mourn them, and in person see the heirs of those who died in service. When the siege of the city is lifted, the ruler swiftly dispatches envoys to go and encourage them, repeatedly conferring rank and emolument upon those who rendered merit and upon the dead and wounded; the defender personally honors and favors them, plainly and conspicuously esteeming them, so that their resentment is bound up against the enemy.
城上卒若吏各保其左右，若欲以城为外谋者，父母、妻子、同产皆断。左右知不捕告，皆与同罪。城下里中家人皆相葆，若城上之数。有能捕告之者，封之以千家之邑；若非其左右及他伍捕告者，封之二千家之邑。
The soldiers and officers on the wall each guard those on their left and right; if anyone wishes to use the city for plotting with the outside, his father, mother, wife, children, and siblings are all cut down. If those on his left and right know of it and do not capture and report him, they all share the same crime. The families of households in the wards below the wall all mutually guard one another, as with the rule for those on the wall. One who can capture and report such a person is enfeoffed with a town of a thousand households; if it is not those on his left and right but another squad of five who capture and report him, he is enfeoffed with a town of two thousand households.
城禁：使、卒、民不欲寇微职和旌者，断。不从令者，断。非擅出令者，断。失令者，断。倚戟县下城，上下不与众等者，断。无应而妄欢呼者，断。纵失者，断。誉客内毁者，断。离署而聚语者，断。闻城鼓声而伍后上署者，断。人自大书版，著之其署隔，守必自谋其先后，非其署而妄入之者，断。离署左右，共入他署，左右不捕，挟私书，行请谒及为行书者，释守事而治私家事，卒民相盗家室、婴儿，皆断无赦。人举而藉之。无符节而横行军中者，断。客在城下，因数易其署而无易其养，誉敌：少以为众，乱以为治，敌攻拙以为巧者，断。客、主人无得相与言及相藉，客射以书，无得誉，外示内以善，无得应，不从令者，皆断。禁无得举矢书，若以书射寇，犯令者父母、妻子皆断，身枭城上。有能捕告之者，赏之黄金二十斤。非时而行者，唯守及掺太守之节而使者。
The city prohibitions: envoys, soldiers, or people who, against the invaders, do not wish to use the secret insignia and signal-flags, are cut down. Those who do not obey orders are cut down. Those who issue orders without authorization are cut down. Those who lose the order are cut down. Those who lean their halberds and let them hang down the wall, going up and down out of step with the others, are cut down. Those who shout out wildly without cause to respond to are cut down. Those who let prisoners escape are cut down. Those who praise the enemy and disparage their own side are cut down. Those who leave their posts and gather to talk are cut down. Those who hear the city drum and go up to their posts later than their squad of five are cut down. Each man writes up his name on a tablet and affixes it to the partition of his post; the defender must himself determine their order, and one who enters a post not his own without warrant is cut down. Those who leave their posts on left or right and together enter another's post; those on left and right who do not capture them; those who carry private letters, go about making requests, or write letters for others; those who set aside defense duties and attend to private household affairs; soldiers and people who steal from one another's households, wives, or children—all are cut down without pardon, and the man is publicly exposed and registered. Those who roam through the army without tally or credential are cut down. As for the enemy below the wall, [if anyone] repeatedly changes his post yet does not change his ration-detail; or praises the enemy—taking the few as many, taking disorder as order, taking the enemy's clumsy attacks as skillful—he is cut down. The guest [enemy] and the host may not speak with one another or pass things to one another; if the guest shoots in a letter, none may praise it; if the outside shows the inside something favorable, none may respond; those who do not obey are all cut down. It is forbidden to pick up arrow-letters; if anyone shoots a letter to the enemy, the offender's father, mother, wife, and children are all cut down, and he himself is beheaded and his head displayed on the wall. One who can capture and report such a person is rewarded with twenty catties of gold. Those who travel out of season—only the defender, and those who hold the defender's credential and are sent [on missions].
守入临城，必谨问父老，吏大夫，诸有怨仇雠不相解者，召其人，明白为之解之。守必自异其人而藉之，孤之，有以私怨害城若吏事者，父母、妻子皆断。其以城为外谋者，三族。有能得若捕告者，以其所守邑，小大封之，守还授其印，尊宠官之，令吏大夫及卒民皆明知之。豪杰之外多交诸侯者，常请之，令上通知之，善属之，所居之吏上数选具之，令无得擅出入，连质之。术乡长者、父老、豪杰之亲戚父母、妻子，必尊宠之，若贫人食不能自给食者，上食之。及勇士父母亲戚妻子皆时赐酒肉，必敬之，舍之必近太守。守楼临质宫而善周，必密涂楼，令下无见上，上见下，下无知上有人无人。
When the defender enters and takes charge of the city, he must carefully question the elders, the officers, and the grandees about all those who have grudges and enmities unresolved among them; he summons those persons and openly reconciles them. The defender must single out and register such men separately, isolating them; those who use a private grudge to harm the city or the official business—their father, mother, wife, and children are all cut down. Those who use the city for plotting with the outside—their three sets of kin. One who can take or capture and report them is enfeoffed, according to the size of the town he was guarding; the defender, on his return, grants him the seal, honoring and favoring him with office, and makes the officers, grandees, soldiers, and people all plainly know of it. As for the men of valor who have many connections among the feudal lords outside, regularly look into them, have superiors inform themselves of them, and attach them well [to oneself]; the officers where they reside should repeatedly select and provide for them, not letting them go in and out at will, and holding their kin as hostages. As for the kin, parents, wives, and children of the village elders, the elders, and the men of valor, one must honor and favor them; if they are poor people unable to feed themselves, the authorities feed them. The parents, kin, wives, and children of the brave warriors are also from time to time granted wine and meat, and one must respect them; their lodging must be near the defender. The defender's tower overlooks the hostage palace and is well enclosed; the tower must be carefully plastered, so that those below cannot see above, while those above see below, and those below do not know whether there are men above or not.
守之所亲，举吏贞廉、忠信、无害、可任事者，其饮食酒肉勿禁，钱金、布帛、财物各自守之，慎勿相盗。葆宫之墙必三重，墙之垣，守者皆累瓦釜墙上。门有吏，主者门里，管闭，必须太守之节。葆卫必取戍卒有重厚者。请择吏之忠信者，无害可任事者。
Those whom the defender holds dear—he raises up officers who are upright, honest, loyal, trustworthy, harmless, and capable of bearing responsibility; their food, drink, wine, and meat are not restricted; cash, gold, cloth, silk, and property each guards his own, and they take care not to steal from one another. The wall of the hostage palace must be threefold; for the wall's enclosure, the guards all pile up tiles and cauldrons atop the wall. The gate has an officer in charge of the inside of the gate; the locking and unlocking must await the defender's credential. The guards must be chosen from garrison soldiers who are weighty and sound. He should pick out officers who are loyal and trustworthy, harmless, and capable of bearing responsibility.
令将卫，自筑十尺之垣，周还墙门、闺者，非令卫司马门。
Order the guard-commander to build himself a wall of ten chi, surrounding the wall-gate and the small gate; this is not for guarding the Major's gate.
望气者舍必近太守，巫舍必近公社，必敬神之。巫祝史与望气者必以善言告民，以请上报守，守独知其请而已。无与望气妄为不善言惊恐民，断弗赦。
The cloud-watcher's lodging must be near the defender; the shaman's lodging must be near the public shrine, and the spirits must be reverenced. The shamans, invokers, scribes, and cloud-watchers must report to the people only with auspicious words, and present the truth privately to the defender; the defender alone knows the truth of it. None may, together with cloud-watchers, recklessly make ill-omened words to alarm and frighten the people; [those who do] are cut down without pardon.
度食不足，食民各自占，家五种石升数，为期，其在莼害，吏与杂訾，期尽匿不占，占不悉，令吏卒覹得，皆断。有能捕告，赐什三。收粟米、布帛、钱金，出内畜产，皆为平直其贾，与主券人书之。事已，皆各以其贾倍偿之。又用其贾贵贱、多少赐爵，欲为吏者许之，其不欲为吏，而欲以受赐赏爵禄，若赎出亲戚、所知罪人者，以令许之。其受构赏者令葆宫见，以与其亲。欲以复佐上者，皆倍其爵赏。某县某里某子家食口二人，积粟六百石，某里某子家食口十人，积粟百石。出粟米有期日，过期不出者出王公有之，有能得若告之，赏之什三。慎无令民知吾粟米多少。
When the reckoning of food is insufficient, the people each declare their own stores—each household's stone-and-pint quantities of the five kinds of grain—and a deadline is set. As for [grain] in the marshes [?], the officers jointly assess it. When the deadline is past, those who conceal and do not declare, or who declare incompletely—if the officers and soldiers spy them out and find them, all are cut down. One who can capture and report them is rewarded with three-tenths [of the confiscated goods]. When grain, rice, cloth, silk, cash, and gold are collected, and livestock are paid out, in all cases fix a fair price for them, and the holder and the contracting party write it down. When the affair is over, each is repaid double according to its price. Moreover, according to the dearness or cheapness of the price and the quantity, rank is granted; those who wish to become officers are permitted to; those who do not wish to become officers but wish to use the conferred reward to receive rank and emolument, or to ransom and release kin or known persons who are offenders, are permitted by ordinance. Those who receive a reward have it shown in the hostage palace and given to their kin. Those who wish, by repayment, to further assist the authorities, all have their rank-reward doubled. "In such-and-such a ward of such-and-such county, the household of so-and-so has two mouths to feed and a store of six hundred stone of grain; in such-and-such ward, the household of so-and-so has ten mouths to feed and a store of a hundred stone of grain." There is a fixed date for handing out grain and rice; those who do not hand it out past the deadline—it is taken out, and the king or duke possesses it; one who can take or report it is rewarded with three-tenths. Take care not to let the people know how much grain and rice we have.
守入城，先以候为始，得辄宫养之，勿令知吾守卫之备。候者为异宫，父母妻子皆同其宫，赐衣食酒肉，信吏善待之。候来若复，就闲，守宫三难，外环隅为之楼，内环为楼，楼入葆宫丈五尺为复道。葆不得有室。三日一发席蓐，略视之，布茅宫中，厚三尺以上。发候，必使乡邑忠信、善重士，有亲戚、妻子，厚奉资之。必重发候，为养其亲，若妻子，为异舍，无与员同所，给食之酒肉。遣他候，奉资之如前候，反，相参审信，厚赐之候三发三信，重赐之。不欲受赐而欲为吏者，许之二百石之吏。守佩授之印。其不欲为吏而欲受构赏禄，皆如前。有能入深至主国者，问之审信，赏之倍他候。其不欲受赏，而欲为吏者，许之三百石之吏。捍士受赏赐者，守必身自致之其亲之其亲之所，见其见守之任。其欲复以佐上者，其构赏、爵禄、罪人倍之。
When the defender enters the city, he begins first with the scouts: whenever one is taken, lodge and provide for him at once, and do not let him know the preparations of our defenses. The scouts are given a separate residence, with their parents, wives, and children all in the same residence, granted clothing, food, wine, and meat, and trustworthy officers treat them well. When a scout comes [back] or is reassigned to leisure, the defender's residence has three barriers; the outer ring and corners have towers built, and the inner ring has towers; the tower extends fifteen chi into the hostage palace as a covered passage. The hostages must not have [private] rooms. Every three days the mats and bedding are taken out and roughly inspected; rushes are spread in the palace, three chi or more thick. In dispatching scouts, one must use men of the villages and towns who are loyal, trustworthy, sound, and weighty, who have kin, wife, and children, and provide for them generously. One must repeatedly dispatch scouts, providing for their kin or wife and children, giving them a separate residence, not in the same place as the [scout-]roster, and supplying them with food, wine, and meat. When another scout is sent, provide for him as for the former scout; when they return, cross-check them for truth and reliability and reward them generously. A scout who has been sent three times and proved reliable three times is rewarded doubly. One who does not wish to receive a reward but wishes to become an officer is permitted an office of two hundred stone; the defender wears [the seal] and grants it to him. One who does not wish to become an officer but wishes to receive a reward-and-emolument is treated entirely as before. One who can penetrate deep into the enemy's home state—question him for truth and reliability, and reward him double the other scouts. One who does not wish to receive a reward but wishes to become an officer is permitted an office of three hundred stone. As for the bold warriors who receive rewards, the defender must in person bring [the reward] to their kin's dwelling and let them see the trust [reposed in them] by the defender. Those who wish, in repayment, to further assist the authorities have their reward, rank, emolument, and [ransomed] offenders all doubled.
出候无过十里，居高便所树表，表三人守之，比至城者三表，与城上烽燧相望，昼则举烽，夜则举火。闻寇所从来，审知寇形必攻，论小城不自守通者，尽葆其老弱粟米畜产。遗卒候者无过五十人，客至堞去之。慎无厌建。候者曹无过三百人，日暮出之，为微职。空队、要塞之人所往来者，令可以迹者，无下里三人，平明而迹。各立其表，城上应之。候出越陈表，遮坐郭门之外内，立其表，令卒之半居门内，令其少多无可知也。即有惊，见寇越陈去，城上以麾指之，遮坐击鼓正期，以战备从麾所指，望见寇，举一垂；入竟，举二垂；狎郭，举三垂；入郭，举四垂；狎城，举五垂。夜以火，皆如此。
Scouts are sent out no farther than ten li; at a high, convenient place they set up signal-markers, three men guarding each marker. Stretching to the city there are three markers, in line of sight with the beacon-fires on the wall: by day they raise the beacon-pennant, by night they raise the fire. When they hear from which direction the invaders come, and ascertain that the enemy's formation is sure to attack, then judging that small towns that cannot defend themselves or maintain communication, gather in completely their old and weak, grain, rice, and livestock. The garrison soldiers left as scouts are no more than fifty men, and when the enemy reaches the battlements they withdraw. Take care not to overdo the watch-mounds. The scout detachment is no more than three hundred men; they go out at dusk, wearing the secret insignia. As for empty passes and strategic points where men pass to and fro, where one can be made to track, station no fewer than three men per li, who track at dawn. Each sets up his marker, and the wall responds to it. When scouts go out beyond the marker-line, they sit on guard outside and inside the outer-wall gate, set up their markers, and have half the soldiers stay inside the gate, so that their number cannot be known. If there is an alarm—the enemy seen crossing the formation-line—those on the wall point at it with banners, and [the scouts] sit on guard and beat the drum at the proper intervals, advancing with battle-gear toward where the banners point. On sighting the enemy, raise one streamer; when [the enemy] enters the borders, raise two streamers; when he closes on the outer wall, raise three streamers; when he enters the outer wall, raise four streamers; when he closes on the city wall, raise five streamers. At night use fires, all in the same way.
去郭百步，墙垣、树木小大尽伐除之。外空井，尽窒之，无令可得汲也。外空窒尽发之，木尽伐之。诸可以攻城者尽内城中，令其人各有以记之。事以，各以其记取之。事为之券，书其枚数。当遂材木不能尽内，即烧之，无令客得而用之。
Within a hundred paces of the outer wall, fell and clear away all walls, fences, and trees, large and small. Outside, fill in all empty wells completely, so that no water can be drawn from them. Outside, dig up everything emptied and blocked, and fell all the timber. Bring inside the city everything that could be used to attack the city, and have each person mark it. When the affair is over, each takes back his own by his mark. Make tallies for it, recording the number of pieces. If, as for blocking [the approaches], the timber cannot all be brought inside, then burn it, so that the enemy cannot get it and use it.
人自大书版，著之其署忠。有司出其所治，则从淫之法，其罪射。矜色谩正，淫嚣不静，当路尼众，舍事后就，逾时不宁，其罪射。欢嚣駴众，其罪杀。非上不谏，次主凶言，其罪杀。无敢有乐器、獘骐军中，有则其罪射。非有司之令，无敢有车驰、人趋，有则其罪射。无敢散牛马军中，有则其罪射。饮食不时，其罪射。无敢歌哭于军中，有则其罪射。令各执罚尽杀，有司见有罪而不诛，同罚，若或逃之，亦杀。凡将率斗其众失法，杀。凡有司不使去卒、吏民闻誓令，代之服罪。凡戮人于市，死上目行。
Each man writes up his name on a tablet and affixes it loyally to his post. If an official goes beyond what he governs, then the law for the licentious [applies], his punishment being [shooting]. Arrogant of expression and contemptuous of the upright, licentious and clamorous and not quiet, blocking the road and obstructing the crowd, abandoning his work and arriving late, exceeding his time and not settling—his punishment is shooting. Shouting and clamoring to alarm the crowd—his punishment is death. Not remonstrating with superiors, and after [a defeat?] speaking ill-omened words—his punishment is death. None may have musical instruments or [gaming pieces?] in the army; if any do, their punishment is shooting. Except by an official's order, none may drive a chariot at speed or make a man run; if any do, their punishment is shooting. None may let oxen and horses scatter in the army; if any do, their punishment is shooting. Taking food and drink out of season—the punishment is shooting. None may sing or wail in the army; if any do, their punishment is shooting. Order each [officer] to carry out punishments and execute fully; an official who sees an offense and does not punish it shares the same punishment, and if anyone lets [an offender] flee, he too is killed. Whenever a commander leads his troops and loses the proper order of battle, he is killed. Whenever an official fails to make the departing soldiers, officers, and people hear the oath of command, he takes their place in bearing the penalty. Whenever a man is executed in the marketplace, the corpse is exposed above with [his crime] [proclaimed?] as he goes.
谒者侍令门外，为二曹，夹门坐，铺食更，无空。门下谒者一长，守数令入中，视其亡者，以督门尉与其官长，及亡者入中报。四人夹令门内坐，二人夹散门外坐。客见，持兵立前，铺食更，上侍者名。
Ushers attend on the orders outside the gate, in two details, sitting flanking the gate; at mealtimes they take turns, so there is no gap. Among the ushers below the gate there is one chief; the defender frequently orders him inside to see who is absent, so as to oversee the gate-commandant and his officials, and the absentee, on entering, reports. Four men sit flanking the inside of the order-gate, and two men sit flanking the outside of the side-gate. When a guest is received, [the attendants] stand before him bearing weapons; at mealtimes they take turns, and report the names of the attendants above.
守室下高楼，候者望见乘车若骑卒道外来者，及城中非常者，辄言之守。守以须城上候城门及邑吏来告其事者以验之，楼下人受候者言，以报守。
The high tower below the defender's chamber—when the watchman sees from afar a man coming from outside by carriage or as a mounted soldier, or anything unusual within the city, he at once reports it to the defender. The defender thereby awaits the men on the wall who watch the city gates and the town officers who come to report the matter, to verify it; the man below the tower receives the watchman's word and reports it to the defender.
中涓二人，夹散门内坐，门常闭，铺食更，中涓一长者。环守宫之术衢，置屯道，各垣其两旁，高丈，为埤倪，立初鸡足置，夹挟视葆食。而札书得必谨案视参食者，即不法，止诘之。屯道垣外术衢街皆为楼，高临里中，楼一鼓垄灶。即有物故，鼓，吏至而止。夜以火指鼓所。城下五十步一厕，厕与上同圂。请有罪过而可无断者，令杼厕利之。
Two personal attendants sit flanking the inside of the side-gate, the gate being kept constantly shut; at mealtimes they take turns; among the personal attendants there is one chief. Around the thoroughfares and crossroads of the defender's palace, set up barrier-ways, each walled on both sides, ten chi high, with parapets, set up at first like chicken-feet [in arrangement], flanking and watching the storing of food in the hostage palace. As for the documents received, one must carefully examine and verify the ration-takers; if anything is not in order, stop and interrogate him. Outside the barrier-way walls, towers are built over the thoroughfares and streets, high and overlooking the wards; each tower has a drum and a sunk stove. If something happens, the drum is beaten, and when the officer arrives it stops. At night, point with fire toward where the drum sounds. Below the wall, every fifty paces there is a privy, the privy sharing the same pit as that above. One who has committed a fault that may be left unpunished by cutting down is ordered to dip out the privy to [keep] it clean.